There are three classes of LEDs used in modern computer equipment

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using electromagnetic radiation (the initial attack vector that hackers or cybercriminals can use to intrude into a system);
acoustic vibrations (speaker noise, modulated fan and disk drive noise);
thermal radiation (very low data reading speed);
hacking via optical channels (information transfer speed of up to 4000 bits/s has been demonstrated).
Information leaks via electromagnetic channels range from interception of electromagnetic radiation from the memory bus to leaks via wiretapping of USB ports and cables. Scientists have studied and documented this type of information leaks well, and researchers recommend using shielding as protection against data interception via electromagnetic radiation.

The second type of contactless wiretapping gained popularity after a huge mass of smartphones settled in the hands of the population. This type of information leakage was provoked by hacking of smartphone microphones. Experts concluded that hackers managed to pick up the key to audio signals, forcing users' microphones to work in the background and transmit data to third-party servers.

Another type of contactless reading of heat radiation data is thermal, but the transmission speed of this hacking method is very low - several tens of bits per second, and the transmission can only be carried out over a short distance.

Hacking optical data transmission channels is the fourth method of contactless access to information. Recent studies show its popularity: hackers have repeatedly demonstrated hacking surveillance cameras and then transmitting a significant amount of data via an LED source. Given its novelty, Harris covered the LED method of data theft in more detail.


unmodulated LEDs that indicate the status of jordan mobile database device modules, such as the battery charge level;
modulated LEDs with time stamps that display device activity levels;
modulated LEDs that show the content of the data being processed.
The peculiarity of LED attacks is that users may not be aware that they have been hacked — the human eye has difficulty detecting flickering frequencies above 60 Hz. Given that many consumer devices, such as the new iPhone X, have infrared LEDs for transmitting or receiving data, the likelihood of them being hacked is quite high. Many network devices use LEDs to indicate data activity, but they can also signal that traffic is passing through them.